Tilda Publishing
Canyoning and Canyoneering Gear
Canyoning and Canyoneering Gear
Image source: gusschiavonblog.wordpress.com
Written in July 2024.
Keep in mind that the relevance of information might change over time.
Keep in mind that the relevance of information might change over time.
Written in July 2024.
Keep in mind that he relevance of information might change over time.
In this material, we will delve into the world of canyons and mountain gorges and discuss the equipment needed to successfully pass them through. To achieve this, we will systematically examine various types of canyoning gear, starting with clothing, moving on to ropes and descenders, and concluding with lesser accessories. Each type of gear will be characterized and accompanied by actual model examples to demonstrate its unique design features and highlight the differences between canyoning equipment and the more familiar (at least to the author) climbing and mountaineering gear. Finally, we will prove that canyoning is not just a one-time adventure but a true haven for gear freaks and hardware enthusiasts!
But before we begin, there are couple of disclaimers to be made.
Disclaimer #1: The list of equipment discussed below does not claim to be exhaustive or universal. Each of the thousands of diverse canyoning routes has its own specifics, requiring a unique set of equipment. Furthermore, the gear for the same route may vary significantly depending on the season, water level, weather conditions, group size, participants' experience, and a number of other factors. By writing the original article, the author aimed to immerse the Russian-speaking community in the world of canyoning, provide a general overview of the gear used in this relatively unpopular (within our country) activity, and motivate each reader to study this topic in depth and detail.
But before we begin, there are couple of disclaimers to be made.
Disclaimer #1: The list of equipment discussed below does not claim to be exhaustive or universal. Each of the thousands of diverse canyoning routes has its own specifics, requiring a unique set of equipment. Furthermore, the gear for the same route may vary significantly depending on the season, water level, weather conditions, group size, participants' experience, and a number of other factors. By writing the original article, the author aimed to immerse the Russian-speaking community in the world of canyoning, provide a general overview of the gear used in this relatively unpopular (within our country) activity, and motivate each reader to study this topic in depth and detail.
A fully equipped canyoneer in the Ticino canton of Switzerland.
Source: purelements.ch
Source: purelements.ch
Disclaimer #2: Don’t let the amount of equipment listed in this article overwhelm you. If you are just a beginner wishing to explore your first canyons, the easiest and safest way (for both you and your budget) is to reach out to professional canyoning tour companies and guides that operate in your area. They will advise you on all the details, ensure your safety on the route, and provide all the necessary gear for rent. However, since personal footwear, wetsuits, harnesses, and helmets are typically more reliable and definitely more hygienic than rental equipment, it’s only a matter of time before you decide to buy some of your own. So, why not learn more about them in advance?
For those, who wish to tackle canyons on their own, it is crucial to thoroughly study the intended routes, consult with local experts, consider current weather conditions, and, of course, carefully select their equipment — something our list is designed to assist with.
For those, who wish to tackle canyons on their own, it is crucial to thoroughly study the intended routes, consult with local experts, consider current weather conditions, and, of course, carefully select their equipment — something our list is designed to assist with.
Indonesian canyoning guides.
Source: gusschiavonblog.wordpress.com
Source: gusschiavonblog.wordpress.com
Disclaimer #3: The list of equipment discussed here is primarily intended for wet canyons, given their unique characteristics and the specific gear required, such as wetsuits, "holey" shoes and backpacks, harnesses with seat protectors, elaborate descenders, and etc. In dry canyons, much of this equipment may not be necessary or can be replaced with regular climbing gear.
Dry and wet canyons differ significantly in terms of techniques and equipment requirements.
Source: stavislost.com, muchbetteradventures.com
Source: stavislost.com, muchbetteradventures.com
Canyoning Helmets
Regardless of the type of canyon, the difficulty, or the duration of the route, wearing a helmet is essential. Even if you don't encounter 30-meter descents, narrow squeezes, or high jumps, there is always the risk of mere slipping. And a mountain gorge is one of the last places where you want to sustain a head injury or face the challenges of evacuating somebody else.
A canyoneer wearing a Petzl "Boreo" climbing helmet while descending a waterfall in the Canton of Ticino, Switzerland. Colorful, contrasting helmets not only enhance visibility but also make for striking photos.
Source: sport-piraten.de
Source: sport-piraten.de
As of now, there are no helmets specifically designed for canyoning, nor are there established quality standards or certifications for this type of equipment. Therefore, canyoneers use climbing helmets that are closest in terms of application conditions and are certified according to the EN 12492 standard. These helmets provide protection against impacts from falling rocks and falls, are well-ventilated, lightweight (200-500 g), and feature mounts for headlamps (which can also come in handy!). Some models may also include a small visor to help shield against the sun and splashes during waterfall descents.
While helmets designed for water sports, cycling, and other activities are better than nothing, they are intended for different types of impacts and are less effective in canyoning conditions compared to climbing helmets.
While helmets designed for water sports, cycling, and other activities are better than nothing, they are intended for different types of impacts and are less effective in canyoning conditions compared to climbing helmets.
On the left: Mammut "Wall Rider" lightweight climbing helmet with visor. On the right: classic and durable Petzl "Boreo" helmet.
Source: eastsidesports.com, petzl.com
Source: eastsidesports.com, petzl.com
If your helmet lacks a visor, just wear a cap underneath it!
Canyoning Wetsuits
A wetsuit is specialized clothing designed to protect against cold in a watery environment. It is essential in most swiftwater canyons because, even on tropical islands, the temperature of turbulent streams where you will be wading, swimming, and rappelling is never warm enough to spend hours in just shorts and a T-shirt.
Waiting for your turn in technical section queues is another way to get acquainted with hypothermia and recognize the importance of a high-quality neoprene suit.
Source: muchbetteradventures.com
Source: muchbetteradventures.com
The design of a wetsuit involves a small amount of water getting trapped between the body and the snug-fitting suit, which then warms up from body heat and maintains its temperature due to the insulating properties of the neoprene material.
Unlike other wetsuits, such as those designed for diving or spearfishing, canyoning models are distinguished by their high elasticity, which allows users to climb, jump, and handle ropes actively. This is similar to surfing, where variously insulated yet flexible wetsuits are needed for performing daring tricks even in winter conditions. For this reason, when specialized canyoning models are not available, many canyoneers opt for surfing wetsuits.
Unlike other wetsuits, such as those designed for diving or spearfishing, canyoning models are distinguished by their high elasticity, which allows users to climb, jump, and handle ropes actively. This is similar to surfing, where variously insulated yet flexible wetsuits are needed for performing daring tricks even in winter conditions. For this reason, when specialized canyoning models are not available, many canyoneers opt for surfing wetsuits.
Winter canyoning requires not only balls of steel but also a thick wetsuit. If that isn’t enough, you may need to add additional layers of neoprene or membrane, or even switch to an expensive but fully waterproof drysuit.
Source: manawa.com
A wetsuit should be thicker and "warmer" the colder the surrounding conditions are (water temperature, air temperature, wind speed, etc.), the longer the route, the lower the physical activity, the less experienced the group, and the higher the individual's sensitivity to cold. The thickness of the wetsuit also affects its durability and the level of protection it provides against impacts, cuts, and falls. However, don’t think of a wetsuit as a bulletproof vest! A careless user can easily damage the neoprene, for example, by puncturing it with branches during the simplest canyon approach. Such a small accident can lead to significant heat loss.
Besides thickness, wetsuits vary in design, sleeve length, zipper position, and features like hoods, pockets, seam taping, and reinforcement in high-wear areas. For maximum thermal insulation, full-body models are preferred. However, they might be overkill in hot weather conditions. If so, shorter and sleeveless versions or separate 'top' and 'bottom' pieces are used, offering greater versatility and ease of putting on.
Besides thickness, wetsuits vary in design, sleeve length, zipper position, and features like hoods, pockets, seam taping, and reinforcement in high-wear areas. For maximum thermal insulation, full-body models are preferred. However, they might be overkill in hot weather conditions. If so, shorter and sleeveless versions or separate 'top' and 'bottom' pieces are used, offering greater versatility and ease of putting on.
The 'Iguazu' canyoning wetsuit from the Spanish brand Seland features neoprene with varying thicknesses: 6 mm in the chest and back, 5 mm in the abdomen, thighs, and lower back, and 4 mm in the limbs — providing a balance between high thermal insulation and flexibility. Reinforcements on the buttocks, knees, and elbows protect the user from falls and wear. The hood offers extra protection from water, cold, and wind, while the visor shields the eyes from splashes and sunlight. Two chest pockets are included: a small one for a whistle and a larger one for storing accessories, such as an action camera.
Source: seland.com
Source: seland.com
In especially harsh conditions, it’s advisable to use additional insulation and protection measures, such as a neoprene hood, gloves, and a vest. Going further by adding elbow and knee pads will turn you into a true canyon terminator!
Besides providing insulation and protection from mechanical damage, a wetsuit also enhances buoyancy, helping the user stay on the water's surface. The thicker the neoprene, the greater the buoyancy. However, a wetsuit cannot completely substitute for life jackets, which are sometimes used in canyons with significant currents and prolonged water obstacles. However, it’s worth noting that the bulkiness of life jackets may hinder movement on ropes, so they are not always favored by professionals on technically challenging routes.
A group of canyoneers in life jackets.
Source: gardatrentino.it
Source: gardatrentino.it
Canyoning Shoes
Ideal shoes for wet canyons are characterized by:
As of 2024, the most renowned canyoning models are:
- Grippy sole: to prevent slipping on the riverbed and wet rocks.
- High durability: to withstand prolonged exposure to water, subsequent drying, and harsh friction against various surfaces.
- Drain holes: for quick water drainage.
- High top: to protect against debris entering the shoe and to support the ankle.
- Secure foot fit, comfort, and lightweight: for extended movement on approaches and confident movement within the canyon.
As of 2024, the most renowned canyoning models are:
- Adidas Terrex «Hydro Lace»
- La Sportiva «TX Canyon»
- Bestard «Canyon Guide», «Aqua Pro», «Wildwater Pro»
- Fitwell «Chamelion» и «Aquator»
- Cabrit «Canyoning Adventure»
- Montbell «Sawer Climber»
The insulation layer of canyoning shoes is usually quite thin. Combined with drain holes, this design aims to make the inevitably waterlogged shoes lighter and speed up the evacuation of water when moving onto dry land. However, during cold canyon approaches and prolonged exposure to cold water, sweat is not the problem you face with such shoes. That is why some canyoneers prefer models without drain holes (e.g., Adidas Terrex "Hydro Lace"), which, although retaining water and weight, also retain heat better due to reduced water circulation inside.
Anyway, the primary protection for your feet against hypothermia in wet canyons is neoprene socks. Just like with wetsuits, the insulating qualities of these depend on their thickness, which is measured in millimeters. Keep in mind that the thicker the socks you plan to wear, the larger the size of shoes you need to consider.
Anyway, the primary protection for your feet against hypothermia in wet canyons is neoprene socks. Just like with wetsuits, the insulating qualities of these depend on their thickness, which is measured in millimeters. Keep in mind that the thicker the socks you plan to wear, the larger the size of shoes you need to consider.
3 mm neoprene wetsocks by Seland.
Source: canyonzone.com
Source: canyonzone.com
In case you don't have the option to obtain specialized canyoning footwear, you can use approach or trail running shoes without a waterproof membrane instead. However, it's important to understand that they won't last long under canyoning conditions.
The types of footwear you should definitely avoid are heavy-duty hiking or mountaineering boots. With such a weight on your feet, you risk not reaching the end of the canyon at all. Likewise, avoid Crocs, FiveFingers, sandals, and other unsupportive and potentially dangerous footwear in the canyoning context.
The types of footwear you should definitely avoid are heavy-duty hiking or mountaineering boots. With such a weight on your feet, you risk not reaching the end of the canyon at all. Likewise, avoid Crocs, FiveFingers, sandals, and other unsupportive and potentially dangerous footwear in the canyoning context.
Canyoning Backpacks
Canyoning backpacks typically have the following
Features:
Design elements:
Features:
- Volume: 30-50 liters, depending on the amount of necessary gear.
- Weight: between 800-1800 grams.
- Numerous drain holes located on the sides and bottom: for quick water evacuation.
- Abrasion and water-resistant materials: such as PVC, TPU, and tarpaulin.
- Bright colors: to ensure visibility in water.
- Simple design: no complex suspension systems, bulky waist belts, external pockets, or compression straps; minimal zippers and attachment accessories to avoid snagging, breaking, getting clogged with sand, or adding unnecessary weight in the relatively short but harsh conditions of wet canyons.
Design elements:
- Shoulder straps with quick-release buckles: for emergency removal of the backpack.
- Removable mesh separator between upper and lower compartments: to optimizes storage options.
- Reinforced upper handle: for carrying, passing, and throwing the backpack, securing it at anchor points, and suspending it from the harness while rappelling.
- EVA foam padding in the back and on the shoulder straps: for cushioning and ensuring the backpack's buoyancy.
- Internal color-coded gear loops: for organizing gear and securing rope ends inside the backpack.
- Internal mesh pocket: for quick access to small items.
- Removable waist belt.
- Reinforced bottom.
A canyoning backpack could easily be mistaken for a caving pack or a climbing haul bag if it weren't for the drain holes that allow water to flow out freely and prevent the user from being weighed down.
You might wonder, why not use waterproof backpacks? Unfortunately, even the most expensive dry pack won’t last long against thorny forest approaches, falls from heights (yes, in wet canyons, packs often take the fall before their owners), and the amount of abrasion encountered in canyons.
You might wonder, why not use waterproof backpacks? Unfortunately, even the most expensive dry pack won’t last long against thorny forest approaches, falls from heights (yes, in wet canyons, packs often take the fall before their owners), and the amount of abrasion encountered in canyons.
Water evacuating from the drain holes of the canyoning backpack.
Source: canyoning.ai
Source: canyoning.ai
As for the contents of the backpacks, rather than trying in vain to keep everything dry, it’s simpler to let items that aren’t affected by moisture (ropes, hardware, wetsuits, etc.) get wet initially. For the few items that must stay dry, such as your smartphone or first aid kit, you can place them in an additional waterproof container or dry bag. Moving on to those.
Canyoning Waterproof Kegs
The favorite tool among Western canyoneers for keeping gadgets, first aid kits, snacks, and spare clothes dry is the waterproof keg. Despite its simple design, this plastic barrel is 100% waterproof. Additionally, it effectively protects contents from damage and ensures the backpack’s buoyancy due to the air inside. Simply secure the keg inside the backpack with a piece of cord, and your backpack will never sink.
Kegs come in various sizes. For reference: the 3.6-liter model is 20 cm in diameter, 17 cm tall, and weighs about 350 grams. The 6.5-liter version measures 20 x 26.5 cm and weighs 425 grams.
Source: canyonzone.com
Canyoning Drybags
Dry bags are the most familiar method of keeping gear dry for most outdoor enthusiasts. Given the variety available, here are a few tips for choosing the right one for use in wet canyons:
- Opt for models with an air valve: These allow you to purge excess air, reducing the bag's volume and the risk of it bursting after repeated tossing. However, don't remove all the air, as it helps maintain your backpack’s buoyancy.
- Don't skimp on weight; prefer a durable one: Choosing an ultralight dry bag might save you 100 grams, but it could cost you $1,000 if your phone gets ruined.
- If in doubt about the dry bag’s reliability, use two!
An impressive demonstration of Sea to Summit dry bags. However, in the context of canyoning, dry bags hanging outside won’t stay waterproof for long. Therefore, they are better be stored inside a sturdy backpack.
Source: seatosummit.eu
Source: seatosummit.eu
Canyoning Harnesses
Canyoning harnesses are available from well-known manufacturers such as Petzl, Edelrid, KONG, Singing Rock, Beal, Climbing Technology, and Rock Empire, as well as from smaller local brands like Professione Canyon, Adventure Verticale, and CE4Y.
Canyoning harnesses can be distinguished from climbing models by the following features:
- Removable seat protector: This protects the user’s butt and wetsuit, as well as the harness’s structural elements, from abrasion during happy slides through channels and chutes.
- High and horizontal attachment point: A high attachment point, closer to the user’s center of gravity, facilitates descents, reduces back strain, and lowers the risk of the user being flipped by the weight of the backpack or the waterfall flow. Its horizontal position allows for proper alignment of figure-8 type rappel devices.
- Design, number, and arrangement of gear loops: Basic models usually have 2 standard gear loops, while advanced harnesses rarely exceed 4. In the latter case, the rear loops are moved forward, away from the seat protector, or arranged diagonally to reduce the risk of snagging. Additional small points for connecting light gear bags and stowing rappel devices may also be present. Advanced harnesses often feature a full-strength textile loop under the main attachment point for tying in a lanyard, hanging a heavy rope bag, creating a deviation, or transferring a person during a rescue.
- Minimalism in terms of comfort elements: Canyoning harnesses often lack padding, especially on the leg loops, prioritizing durability and functionality over comfort.
- Abrasion and water resistant construction: durable buckles, intensive use webbing, reinforced or metal made primary attachment point, gear loops accompanied by protective sheaths, and so on.
- Generally higher cost.
Video demonstration of the Petzl "Canyon Guide" harness.
Advertising Edelrid gear, showcasing the "Irupu" harness, the "Canyoneer Guide" backpack, and the "Rescue Canyoning Knife".
But will a regular climbing harness suffice, you might ask?
Well, yes. In terms of tensile strength and technical capabilities, canyoning and climbing harnesses are quite similar. However, if you frequently engage in wet canyons, a standard climbing harness will wear out way faster — and not just in terms of aesthetics. First, the leg loops will start to fray, and the elastic bands that support them will either break or quickly lose their elasticity due to constant exposure to water. Additionally, the padding will absorb a lot of water, the figure-8 descender will tilt slightly during descents, and your ass will lack any protection. Think about it!
Well, yes. In terms of tensile strength and technical capabilities, canyoning and climbing harnesses are quite similar. However, if you frequently engage in wet canyons, a standard climbing harness will wear out way faster — and not just in terms of aesthetics. First, the leg loops will start to fray, and the elastic bands that support them will either break or quickly lose their elasticity due to constant exposure to water. Additionally, the padding will absorb a lot of water, the figure-8 descender will tilt slightly during descents, and your ass will lack any protection. Think about it!
The "Revolution" harness from Italian brand Professione Canyon boasts a striking design.
Source: gsab-aventures.com
Source: gsab-aventures.com
Recently, the International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation (UIAA) carried out a study on the long-term effects of harness performance in the aggressive environment of canyons and strength tested 43 worn canyoning harnesses. The results revealed that due to the cumulative effects of water, abrasion, UV exposure, improper drying, and inadequate storage, the strength of some harnesses decreased by up to 10% over 3-4 years, dropping to as little as 1-2 kN! Therefore, it is crucial to keep in mind the harsh impact that wet canyons have on your textile gear and to carefully inspect your ropes, slings and harnesses before each use.
Canyoning Lanyards
Any respectable harness shall be equipped with a lanyard.
Just like in other rope-related disciplines, lanyards in canyoning are primarily used to connect the user to anchor points and belay stations (e.g., bolts on rock and slings on trustworthy trees) that are set up before dangerous sections, particularly rappels. The most commonly used lanyards are double asymmetric models made from dynamic rope because they:
Just like in other rope-related disciplines, lanyards in canyoning are primarily used to connect the user to anchor points and belay stations (e.g., bolts on rock and slings on trustworthy trees) that are set up before dangerous sections, particularly rappels. The most commonly used lanyards are double asymmetric models made from dynamic rope because they:
- Allow you to pass intermediate anchors without ever losing belay by clipping from point to point with different arms.
- Enable the extension of the rappel device from the harness by using the shorter arm. This is not only convenient but also serves safety purposes, as it keeps the device clear of hair and clothing and allows you to quickly cut the lanyard in an emergency situation to free yourself or a victim.
- Allow clipping into rope clamps or prusiks in case you need to ascend the rope.
- Absorb shock, reducing the impact on the user and the anchor point in the event of a fall.
- Are affordable and simple to use.
Canyoneers secured to a bolt hanger using a DIY lanyard.
Source: thecanyoningcompany.co.uk
Source: thecanyoningcompany.co.uk
Advanced users may also consider adjustable double lanyards, which allow for precise, situational adjustment of the longer arm length.
To see what all these lanyards look like and how they differ, read my article "How to Choose Climbing Lanyards" (to be translated...)
To see what all these lanyards look like and how they differ, read my article "How to Choose Climbing Lanyards" (to be translated...)
Canyoning Rope
In canyoning, they use Type A and B (semi-)static ropes, certified to the EN 1891 standard, as well as various superstatic ropes, which are utilized for:
- Rappelling/abseiling.
- Tensioning fixed lines, zip lines, and Tyrolean traverses.
- Belaying in areas with hard climbing or particularly turbulent water.
- Conducting rescue operations.
Source: tripadvisor.com
What is the specificity of wet canyons in the context of ropes? It is the presence of water, dirt, sand, and other abrasives, as well as the exclusively static loads. Because of this, canyoning ropes have the following characteristics:
The following qualities can also be beneficial:
- Low elongation coefficient: within 1-3% under a 150 kg load. The less the rope stretches, the smoother and more comfortable the descent is for the user, and the less potentially dangerous friction the rope experiences against the terrain. The longer the descents and the greater the stretch amplitude, the more important this characteristic becomes.
- High abrasion resistance: A conditional parameter illustrating the rope's durability against wear and cuts. It depends on various factors, including the type of material, rope diameter, the percentage of the sheath relative to the core, the number of sheath strands, the sheath braiding pattern, and others.
- Enhanced water resistance: This characteristic ensures that the rope minimally absorbs water, retaining its properties and low weight. It depends on both the material and the presence and quality of water-repellent treatments.
- Combination of various materials for the sheath and the core: The most commonly used materials are polyester (PES), polyamide (PA), polypropylene (PP), ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE, including Dyneema® and Spectra®), aramid (Kevlar®, Technora®), and liquid-crystal polymer (LCP, Vectran®). Notably, polyamide (Nylon), which is the primary material in rock climbing and mountaineering, is used significantly less in canyoning due to its high stretch, excessive water absorption and shrinkage, and low abrasion resistance when wet.
- Diameter of 8.0 - 9.0 mm: The popularity of such thin ropes in canyoning can be attributed to their compactness and low weight. The accompanying reduction in strength and durability is mitigated by the absence of high loads (under normal circumstances) and the use of figure-8 horned descenders, which allow for precise friction adjustment, ensuring smooth and controlled descents even with the thinnest diameters. As a result, some experienced ultralight enthusiasts use ropes as thin as 6 mm, employing double rope descent techniques. However, the choice of a specific rope depends not only on the user’s experience but also on the canyoning format and terrain conditions. For example, in canyons known for poorly placed anchors, sharp edges, and abrasive surfaces, few would risk using a thin auxiliary rope (see standards EN 564, NFPA 2500 Escape Use). Here, more abrasion-resistant models with diameters of 9.5 - 10.5 mm are better suited. Such "thick" diameters are also a good choice for beginners and large commercial groups, who tend to handle ropes carelessly and wear them out quickly.
- Bright color: Ensures that the rope is visible both in water and from a distance.
The following qualities can also be beneficial:
- Minimal shrinkage: Ensures the rope length remains consistent.
- Low specific weight: Helps the rope stay afloat.
- Soft and tactile grip: Enhances handling and control.
Source: kylesingbeilphotography.com
The best ropes for canyoning are considered to be those from American manufacturers such as Sterling, Bluewater, Imlay, and Glacier Black. This is because quality standards in the U.S. are not mandatory, allowing local manufacturers to create ropes that are not bound by the restrictions and requirements found in the European standard EN 1891. Consequently, these ropes can be extremely strong and abrasion-resistant while being thin in diameter and made from materials with a low melting point and minimal elongation.
Recently, similar ropes have also appeared in Europe, such as those from the CE4Y brand. However, issues with their official use persist, and local canyoneers eagerly await a separate standard for superstatic ropes from the UIAA and CEN.
When choosing the length of a canyoning rope, one must first consider the expected routes. Some canyons may require only 30 meters, while others might need 60 or even 100 meters. While opting for a longer, "all-purpose" rope might seem convenient, it will definitely mean carrying extra weight regularly.
It’s crucial to understand that the length of the canyoning rope must be at least twice the length of the deepest rappel. This is because the last member of the group typically rappels on doubled rope (using two strands of the same rope) to ensure it can be retrieved afterward. However, there are alternative methods that can help the last man at risk (LAMAR) utilize the full length of the rope. For example, he or she can engage an additional thin and lightweight pull cord (aka tagline) to pull the main rope down after the single strand rappel.
And that’s just one rope... But beyond the maximum rappel length, there are many other factors that influence both the length and number of ropes required for a specific route. These include the nature and sequence of technical obstacles, the location of anchor points, the size, experience, and technique preferences of the group, the amount of rope needed for rescue operations, and so on. Each of these considerations deserves a detailed discussion in its own article.
It’s crucial to understand that the length of the canyoning rope must be at least twice the length of the deepest rappel. This is because the last member of the group typically rappels on doubled rope (using two strands of the same rope) to ensure it can be retrieved afterward. However, there are alternative methods that can help the last man at risk (LAMAR) utilize the full length of the rope. For example, he or she can engage an additional thin and lightweight pull cord (aka tagline) to pull the main rope down after the single strand rappel.
And that’s just one rope... But beyond the maximum rappel length, there are many other factors that influence both the length and number of ropes required for a specific route. These include the nature and sequence of technical obstacles, the location of anchor points, the size, experience, and technique preferences of the group, the amount of rope needed for rescue operations, and so on. Each of these considerations deserves a detailed discussion in its own article.
Despite the varying terrain, a brightly colored canyoning rope is easily visible.
Source: kylesingbeilphotography.com
Source: kylesingbeilphotography.com
Canyoning Rope Bags
Technically challenging canyons involve extensive rope work. The pattern of such a route can consist of a continuous alternation of walking, rappelling, walking, fixed-line traversing, rappelling, swimming, rappelling, walking, and more rappelling.
To avoid coiling and uncoiling the rope before each technical stage, it should be packed in a specific way in a durable rope bag. This will protect the rope from negative impacts while ensuring quick and convenient access. From the bag, the rope can be paid out in the necessary amounts for rappelling, belaying, rescue operations, and other tasks without the risk of tangling. Additionally, the rope can be tossed down in the bag (provided the area below is shallow and there are no strong currents that could carry away the bag and tangle the rope) or travel with the rappeller, attached to their harness.
To avoid coiling and uncoiling the rope before each technical stage, it should be packed in a specific way in a durable rope bag. This will protect the rope from negative impacts while ensuring quick and convenient access. From the bag, the rope can be paid out in the necessary amounts for rappelling, belaying, rescue operations, and other tasks without the risk of tangling. Additionally, the rope can be tossed down in the bag (provided the area below is shallow and there are no strong currents that could carry away the bag and tangle the rope) or travel with the rappeller, attached to their harness.
Belaying with a rope neatly packed in a rope bag is much easier and more reliable than managing coils in your hands or draped over your neck.
Source: gusschiavonblog.wordpress.com
Source: gusschiavonblog.wordpress.com
Canyoning rope bags are designed with the following features (similar to backpacks):
Double opening rope bags are particularly functional, featuring an additional drawstring at the bottom for quick access to the second end of the rope.
- Volume: 15 - 25 liters.
- Durable materials: to withstand abrasion and frequent drops.
- Drain holes: for rapid water evacuation.
- Foam inserts in the back: to ensure buoyancy.
- Two color-coded internal loops: for securing rope ends.
- Reinforced handles: for frequent use.
- Removable shoulder straps: to reduce the risk of snagging.
- Stiffened rim: to facilitate rope packing.
Double opening rope bags are particularly functional, featuring an additional drawstring at the bottom for quick access to the second end of the rope.
Canyoning Hardware
Canyoning Descenders
Critr, Palikoa Pivot, Ats, Atk-D, Sqwurel, Hoodoo-Sl, Resonator 3000, Snail Pro, Axol, Totem, Skarab, Devil-8, Axe-8, Mago 8, Hannibal, Piranha, Oka, Hydrobot — these are the names of some of the intricate rappel devices specifically designed or particularly well-suited for canyoning.
Symmetrical canyoning descenders, sometimes referred to a "hangman". I wonder why...
Source: hownot2.info
Source: hownot2.info
Interestingly, most of the descenders mentioned are variations of the figure-8 type. These modified versions feature horns/ears of various shapes and sizes, additional connection points, and other unique characteristics. Here are several reasons why these types of devices are particularly suitable for canyoning:
- Versatility: Figure-8 descenders are compatible with nearly any rope diameter, whether single or double.
- Exceptional descent control: Figure-8s offer variable friction modes based on how the rope is threaded through the device. This adjustability accommodates the user's weight, varying descent conditions, and the rope’s specific characteristics (e.g., thin, wet, or slippery). While standard figure-8s require users to preset the friction level before starting the descent, modified figure-8s allow for on-the-go friction adjustments.
Friction modes of the Petzl "Huit" classic figure-eight descender.
Source: petzl.com
Source: petzl.com
Thanks to its integrated horns, the Glacier Black "PaliKoa Pivot" canyoning descender allows for on-the-fly friction adjustment when rappelling or lowering.
Source: nimomountains.shop
Source: nimomountains.shop
- Multifunctionality: modified figure-eights can be used not only for standard rappelling, lowering, and belaying but also for complex rigging and indirect rescue operations.
- Excellent heat dissipation: figure-eights effectively dissipate heat, which is crucial during long descents on dry ropes made from materials with low melting points.
- Fast and easy lock-off: wrapping the rope around the figure 8's horns allows you to stop the descent and free your hands for various needs.
- Swift rope unclipping: in "fast mode" (where the rope passes through the carabiner rather than the neck of the figure-eight — see illustration above), you can open the carabiner and instantly unclip the rope, bypassing the need to remove the descender from the carabiner and risking its loss. This feature is particularly useful when descending into water pools, where prolonged manipulations can be quite dangerous.
- Simplicity of design: the absence of moving parts and complex mechanisms makes the figure-eight reliable even in the wettest and dirtiest conditions.
- Relative ease of use and affordability of basic models: important qualities for beginners and rental services.
- Durability: the symmetrical design allows the device to be flipped, thus extending its lifespan.
On the left is a classic figure-eight rappel device, and on the right is the Imlay "Critr3" canyoning descender. The Critr3's attachment hole is made intentionally small to prevent the device from shifting along the carabiner, thus reducing the risk of cross-loading.
Source: edelrid.com, v7academy.com
Source: edelrid.com, v7academy.com
The major drawback of figure-eights is that they tend to twist the rope. However, in wet canyoning, when rappelling into a deep water pool, it's common to give out just the right amount of rope so that its end stays slightly above the water level. A stopper knot is intentionally not tied at the end of the rope, allowing it to pass through the rappel device and making the climber drop the last meter into the water. This approach eliminates the need for climbers to detach the rope from the device while submerged, reducing the risk of entanglement and drowning. Additionally, the freely hanging rope untwists itself effortlessly!
An example of a wet canyon rappel. Note the position of the figure-eight on the carabiner. Although the chances of the rappel device sliding down and cross-loading the carabiner close to the sleeve are rather low, it's important to keep an eye on that.
Source: gusschiavonblog.wordpress.com
Source: gusschiavonblog.wordpress.com
Next on our list is gear whose use in canyoning does not significantly differ from its application in climbing or, say, caving. Therefore, we will just mention it without going into further detail.
Canyoning Carabiners and Quick Links
In canyoning, carabiners are used for:
To understand the differences between carabiners and determine which to choose, refer to the following materials (not yet translated):
- Setting up anchor points, zip lines, and pulley systems.
- Connecting yourself to anchor points via a lanyard.
- Attaching various devices such as descenders, chest ascenders, pulleys, prusiks, ropes, etc.
- Organizing gear and securing backpacks or rope bags at anchor points and harnesses.
To understand the differences between carabiners and determine which to choose, refer to the following materials (not yet translated):
Canyoning rack.
From left to right: slings of various length, a rescue knife, a FoE descender, Petzl "Tibloc" emergency ascender, a quick link, a VT prusik, Petzl "Micro Traxion" progress-capture pulley and a number of carabiners.
Source: canyoneering.net
From left to right: slings of various length, a rescue knife, a FoE descender, Petzl "Tibloc" emergency ascender, a quick link, a VT prusik, Petzl "Micro Traxion" progress-capture pulley and a number of carabiners.
Source: canyoneering.net
Canyoning Rope Grabs
In canyoning, chest ascenders (e.g., Petzl "Croll"), compact ascenders (Petzl "Basic"), ultralight emergency ascenders (Petzl "Tibloc"), and progress-capture pulleys (Petzl "Micro Traxion") are not used frequently but can be crucial in case you need to:
In addition to rope ascenders, it's also advisable to carry at least one premade prusik or a length of accessory cord for tying friction knots.
- Ascend a rope, for example, if it gets stuck during retrieval attempt.
- Pass a knot while rappelling.
- Set up a Tyrolean, zipline, or redirect, transfer loads from one point to another, or create a hauling system for rescuing an injured person.
In addition to rope ascenders, it's also advisable to carry at least one premade prusik or a length of accessory cord for tying friction knots.
To tension such a zipline, you might need a couple of rope clamps or prusiks.
Source: tours4fun.com
Source: tours4fun.com
Canyoning Anchor Kit
This includes a variety of gear used to secure a rappel rope or a traverse line on the terrain, such as:
The choice of specific gear elements depends on the nature of the terrain, the equipment of the canyoning route, and the technical style preferred by the user.
- Carabiners, quickdraws, quicklinks, and belay rings.
- Slings of various lengths.
- Cordelettes — a multifunctional 5-7 meter long accessory cord with a diameter of 6-7 mm.
- Retrievable anchors like the "FiddleStick" and "Smooth Operator."
- Water and sand traps.
- Expansion and glue-in bolts, spits, hangers, drills, hammers, etc.
The choice of specific gear elements depends on the nature of the terrain, the equipment of the canyoning route, and the technical style preferred by the user.
A 120-cm sling or cordelette can be used not only to set up anchors on rock ledges and trees but also as a foot loop for rope ascents, an improvised chest or sit harness, or a shoulder strap for positioning the chest ascender.
Other Canyoning Equipment
Canyoning Whistle
A whistle is used in wet canyons as a means of communication between the person rappelling and the belayer. An indispensable item when the noise of water and the height of the descent drown out any shout. The whistle is typically attached to the chin strap of the helmet.
The loud and floating Imlay VL whistle, along with the canyoning signals table.
Source: canyoneeringusa.com, canyonmag.net
Source: canyoneeringusa.com, canyonmag.net
Canyoning Knife
In canyoning, a knife is useful for cutting old slings from anchors, slicing accessory cord into pieces, trimming damaged sections of rope (or limbs, as depicted in the "127 Hours" movie), or simply slicing some sausage for a snack. However, in emergencies, a quickly drawn knife might be the only way to free yourself from a rope that has entangled you or is keeping you trapped in a turbulent stream. It can also be used to rescue a teammate who is stuck and drowning during a rappel because their hair or clothing got caught in the rappel device.
Such an important task should be entrusted to specialized rescue knives rather than folding or kitchen knives. Ideal choices include models with a serrated blade and a blunt tip, such as the CRKT "Bear Claw" and the Edelrid "Rescue Canyoning Knife." These knives should be kept within easy reach, typically attached to the waist or leg loop of the harness, and secured with an elastic cord to prevent loss.
Such an important task should be entrusted to specialized rescue knives rather than folding or kitchen knives. Ideal choices include models with a serrated blade and a blunt tip, such as the CRKT "Bear Claw" and the Edelrid "Rescue Canyoning Knife." These knives should be kept within easy reach, typically attached to the waist or leg loop of the harness, and secured with an elastic cord to prevent loss.
Canyoning GuideBook
Before setting out to explore canyons on your own, it’s crucial to conduct thorough research on your planned route and understand the terrain and potential challenges. The last thing you want is to find yourself in the middle of a swift-water canyon with insufficient rope for further descent. And since information from online forums and resources like ropewiki may not always be enough, a printed guidebook will be your best ally!
In the guidebook, you'll find detailed information on the route and approach lines, drop-off and pick-up points, photos of key technical sections, descent heights, gear recommendations, and much more. Additionally, since many guidebooks cover extensive areas or even entire countries, they can also serve as excellent sources of inspiration for future adventures!
In the guidebook, you'll find detailed information on the route and approach lines, drop-off and pick-up points, photos of key technical sections, descent heights, gear recommendations, and much more. Additionally, since many guidebooks cover extensive areas or even entire countries, they can also serve as excellent sources of inspiration for future adventures!
Canyoning First Aid Kit
Even on short canyoning trips, scrapes, bruises, and occasionally more serious injuries can occur. To avoid feeling embarrassed in front of emergency services later, it’s essential to carry a comprehensive group first aid kit, and ideally, a smaller individual kit tailored to your specific needs. The first aid kit should be securely protected from water and damage, using a waterproof container or, at the very least, a dry bag.
A primitive, soft, and waterproof first aid kit.
Source: breakwatersupply.com
Source: breakwatersupply.com
Canyoning Snacks
The satisfaction of your stomach not only affects the pleasure you get from canyoning but also your perception of cold and your concentration. Therefore, a hungry canyoneer equals an irritable, cold, and mistake-prone canyoneer. So, take care of yourself by packing enough chocolates, nuts, protein bars, canned goods, and other tasty, energy-rich snacks. And, as always, remember to store everything in waterproof packaging.
Canyoning Water Filter
One of the less obvious pieces of gear for wet canyons is a portable water filter. Modern models include pocket-sized filters weighing only a few hundred grams. With such a tiny friend, you can provide clean drinking water for yourself and possibly the entire group almost anywhere along the route. Say goodbye to heavy water bottles!
The 140-gram MSR "TrailShot" with a cartridge life of 2,000 liters is a great example of a compact filter for wet canyons.
Source: outdoorsmagic.com
Source: outdoorsmagic.com
Canyoning Headlamp
Think no one goes into canyons at night? Think again!
You might find yourself canyoning after dark by:
For all these scenarios, you'll need a headlamp with the highest level of dust and water resistance. Although many types are available, caving models are often the best choice due to their superior durability and the option to be integrated directly into the helmet.
You might find yourself canyoning after dark by:
- Joining a special night tour or a multi-day canyoning trip with tent camping.
- Delaying your return because of misjudging your time and energy.
- Getting involved in a prolonged rescue operation.
- Traversing a deep grotto or enclosed gorge that never sees light.
For all these scenarios, you'll need a headlamp with the highest level of dust and water resistance. Although many types are available, caving models are often the best choice due to their superior durability and the option to be integrated directly into the helmet.
It can be daytime outside, but pitch dark inside the canyon.
Source: christian-balla.de
Source: christian-balla.de
Canyoning Action Camera
A piece of gear that falls into the "absolutely optional" category. However, if you want to capture the thrill of your jumps, the height of cliffs, the power of waterfalls, and the unique color of mountain pools, a GoPro or DJI camera will be the easiest, safest, dust-, water-, shock-, and canyon-resistant option available.
And that is all. For now...
Looking at all this gear, it might seem like we were preparing you for an ultimate expedition to Mars rather than a fun canyon adventure :) However, don't forget the disclaimers from the beginning of the article, and remember that while it might be hard to train, it will be easy to fight!
See you in canyons!
Looking at all this gear, it might seem like we were preparing you for an ultimate expedition to Mars rather than a fun canyon adventure :) However, don't forget the disclaimers from the beginning of the article, and remember that while it might be hard to train, it will be easy to fight!
See you in canyons!
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